Common social-political barriers corporate aviation operators confront Research Paper

Common social-political barriers corporate aviation operators confront when attempting to enter foreign markets - Research Paper Example The corporate aviation industry can help in the economic development of an entire region or a particular industry such as tourism. But it is also dependent on the latent demand for goods and services. Thus lack of air transport can stymie the economic growth and lead to excesses or inappropriateness in supply. The corporate aviation industry can thus shape the speed and form of globalization and the related processes. With increasing globalization, the air aviation industry is trying to invest in foreign countries to expand their bases. But such a strategy has many ramifications such as migration of labor. Thus corporate aviation needs to carefully strategize its choices so that they can achieve operational efficiency. The research problem given is analysis of common social-political barriers which corporate aviation operators face when they attempt to enter foreign markets. With increasing globalization, the national economies have integrated with each other. This has led to flow of trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment, and spread of technology and capital flows. The business aviation industry is an important part of the aviation industry since it caters to the premium segment of the aviation industry. Everything which corporate aviation does basically depends on time and is driven on flexibility. The globalization of trade, supply-chaining, political forces and outsourcing have changed the world for better and worse. In the process of investment in foreign countries a corporate aviation company needs to analyze carefully the political and social factors. This research paper focuses on the social-political barriers which they will face. The corporate aviation industry is a highly protected and regulated one, and it is done with the intention of utilizing it as a lever for attaining larger economic and political objectives. Initially there was no such demand for such an industry, but

Various Mechanisms Used by the Nervous System to Guide Axonal Growth Essay

Various Mechanisms Used by the Nervous System to Guide Axonal Growth - Essay Example Congress 1990). The end of each growing axon is called a growth cone, and functions as a sensing device, interacting with molecules in the environment in order to reach the correct target (Schatten 2005; Bean 2012). The growth cones can be described as expanded â€Å"sensory-motile† tips of the growing axons that respond to various attractive and repulsive molecular signals in order to direct and guide axons to their synaptic targets (Myers & Gomez 2011, p. 13585). Thus, axonal growth is guided with the help of guidance cues in the environment. As the nervous system matures, about half the neurons die and only those that have grown properly and are connected to the available synaptic sites survive (U.S. Congress 1990). A study of the mechanisms behind axon guidance to the appropriate targets is necessary in order to better understand the development of the nervous system and to elucidate the formation of the neural network. Mechanisms Underlying Axonal Guidance The guidance of axonal growth is a result of interplay of four types of guidance forces, namely contact attraction, contact repulsion, chemoattraction and chemorepulsion (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman 1996). ... At the leading end of the growth cone, actin is polymerized and then moved to the rear for depolymerisation (Bean 2012). This continuous cycling of polymerised actin from the leading end to the rear end and then back to the leading end leads to a â€Å"tank-tread† kind of movement that enables the guiding of the growth cone (Bean 2012). Santiago Ramon y Cajal first described the movement of growth cones in 1880 (Zheng 2000; Bean 2012). He described that growth cones move towards their synaptic targets in a circuitous route, thus providing evidence that growth cones themselves have an active role in the guidance process (Bean 2012). However, the first live microscopic observations of growth cones were not made until Ross Harrison developed modern tissue culture (Vitriol & Zheng 2012). Later on, Roger Sperry upon observing the optic nerve lesions of frogs showed that retinotectal axons could regenerate and find their targets, subsequently making precise synaptic connections (Bea n 2012). It thus became evident that specific surface markers exist and are used by growth cones for the recognition of targets. This was further demonstrated through studies on zebrafish, drosophila, grasshopper and chick, which showed that guidance of axon growth followed specific and similar pathways in different species, indicating that the mechanisms are conserved across species (Bean 2012). Studies by Gomez et al., Renaudin et al., and Robles and Gomez have shown that point contacts are formed by growth cones using various focal adhesion-related molecules like ?1-integrins, paxillin, FAK and vinculin (Myers & Gomez 2011). Extrinsic Environment-Related Mechanisms Apart from the intrinsic mechanism of growth cone movement, extrinsic